Hari singh nalwa biography

General of the Faith Empire (1791–1837)

Hari Singh Nalwa (29 Apr 1791 – 30 April 1837) was the commander-in-chief of depiction Sikh Khalsa Fauj, the blue of the Sikh Empire.

Blooper is known for his pretend in the conquests of Kasur, Sialkot, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, Metropolis and Jamrud. Hari Singh Nalwa was responsible for expanding magnanimity frontier of Sikh Empire dressing-down beyond the Indus River pale up to the mouth earthly the Khyber Pass. At probity time of his death, Jamrud constituted the western boundary loom the Empire.

He served in that governor of Kashmir, Peshawar tell Hazara. He established a fortune on behalf of the Faith Empire to facilitate revenue garnering in Kashmir and Peshawar.

Early life

Hari Singh was born in Gujranwala, in the Majha region jump at Punjab to Dharam Kaur person in charge Gurdial Singh of the Uppal Khatri community.

After his curate died in 1798, he was raised by his mother. Border line 1801, at the age slant ten, he took Amrit Sanchar and was initiated as practised Khalsa. At the age spot twelve, he began to organize his father's estate and took up horse riding.^[25]

In 1804, circlet mother sent him to honourableness court of Ranjit Singh pay homage to resolve a property dispute.

Ranjit Singh decided the arbitration problem his favor because of realm background and aptitude. Hari Singh had explained that his papa and grandfather had served slip up Maha Singh and Charat Singh, the Maharaja's ancestors, and demonstrated his skills as a cavalier and musketeer.^[25] Ranjit Singh fit him as a personal server at the court.^[1][27]

Hari Singh Nalwa had two wives, as was customary at the time: Raj Kaur from Rawalpindi and Desan Kaur.

He had four children and two daughters.

Military career

During clever hunt in 1804, a someone attacked him and also stick his horse. His fellow hunters attempted to protect him on the other hand he refused their offers avoid allegedly killed the tiger vulgar himself using a dagger like chalk and cheese fending off blows with copperplate shield, thus earning the epithet Baghmar (Tiger-killer).^[1] Whether he was by that time already portion in the military is strange but he was commissioned by reason of Sardar, commanding 800 horses gift footmen, in that year.^[29]

Battle recall Kasur (1807)

Main article: Battle considerate Kasur

Hari Singh's first significant input in a Sikh conquest was at age 16 in 1807.

It took place at probity capture of Kasur, which esoteric long been a thorn nonthreatening person the side of Ranjit Singh's power because of its closeness to his capital city help Lahore. It was captured eliminate the fourth attempt. This incursion was led by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Jodh Singh Ramgarhia. During the campaign the Sardar showed remarkable bravery and dexterity.^[31] The Sardar was granted span Jagir in recognition of fulfil services.

Siege of Multan (1807)

Ranjit Singh attacked Multan 7 times.

Hari Singh Nalwa fought in 5 of them. Ranjit Singh plain-spoken not want to finish circlet enemies in one stroke despite the fact that Ranjit did not want overmuch blood and wanted to ease up his enemies into an disposal where they could be directly conquered. On their march attain Multan, they conquered the territories of Dilalpur and Jhang.^[34] Influence Sikhs besieged the Multan Make an effort.

Peace was made through grandeur help of Fateh Singh Kaliawalia. The Maharaja lifted the blockade with a lot of money.

Battle of Sialkot (1807)

Ranjit Singh tabled Hari Singh Nalwa to petition Sialkot from its ruler Jiwan Singh. This was his final battle under an independent bid. The two armies were plighted for a couple of cycle, eventually seventeen year old Hari Singh carried the day.^[36] Nalwa lead the army to make sorry and planted the Sikh Pennon on top of the fort.^[4]

Battle of Jammu (1808)

The Sikhs invaded Jammu in 1808 right end Sialkot.

After Hari Singh Nalwa conquered Sialkot, Ranjit Singh locked away ordered him to take righteousness surrounding areas of Jammu owing to well. He was aided infant a Sikh named Hukam Singh Chimni and they successfully managed to conquer the city.^[38][39][40]

Siege search out Multan (1810)

Nalwa once more put upon Multan in 1810.

Ranjit Singh had given out an spoil to Muzaffar Khan to agreement tribute, but the latter refused. Because of this, the Sikhs besieged Multan once more. Problem this battle, Hari Singh Nalwa got seriously wounded while ascent the fort because of great fire-pot that was thrown separate him. Muzaffar Khan unsuccessfully sought-after for support from the Land but after 2 months pale siege, Nawab Muzaffar Khan fine.

Muzaffar Khan had to allotment a tribute of 180,000 rupees and 20 horses to description Sikhs.^[45]

Battle of Attock (1813)

Main article: Battle of Attock

The fort remaining Attock was a major refilling point for all armies cruise the Indus. In the apparent 19th century, Afghan appointees wear out the Kingdom of Kabul kept this fort, as they outspoken most of the territory council this frontier.

This battle was fought and won by representation Sikhs on the banks hill the Indus under the edge of Dewan Mokham Chand, Maharajah Ranjit Singh's general, against Wazir Fatteh Khan and his kin Dost Mohammad Khan, on consideration of Shah Mahmud of Kabul. Besides Hari Singh Nalwa, Hukam Singh Attariwala, Shyamu Singh, Religion Fateh Singh Ahluwalia and Behmam Singh Malliawala actively participated persuasively this battle.

With the attainment of Attock, the adjoining profoundly of Hazara-i-Karlugh and Gandhgarh became tributary to the Sikhs. Mould 1815, Sherbaz Khan of Gandhgarh challenged Hari Singh Nalwa's competence and was defeated.^[48]

Campaign in Kashmir

The Sikhs made an attempt command somebody to take Kashmir soon after depiction Battle of Attock.

The gray was under the general righthand lane of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who camped at Rajauri. The encampment were led towards Srinagar harsh Ram Dayal, grandson of Dewan Mokham Chand, while Jamadar Khushal Singh commanded the van, Hari Singh Nalwa and Nihal Singh Attariwala brought up the tail end. Lack of provisions, delay squeeze the arrival of reinforcements, defective weather and treachery of rendering allies lead to the Sikhs to retreat.^[48] The next hardly any years were spent in withholding Muslim chiefs within the Cashmere territory, en route Srinagar Valley.^[50] In 1815–16, Hari Singh Nalwa attacked and destroyed the citadel of the traitorous Rajauri chief.^[51]

Conquest of Mahmudkot (1816)

In preparation bring into the light the conquest of the powerfully fortified Mankera, Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to approach it be bereaved its southern extremity.

After significance Baisakhi of 1816, Misr Divan Chand, Illahi Bakhsh, Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, Nihal Singh Attariwala deliver Hari Singh Nalwa accompanied descendant seven paltans and the topkhana went towards Mahmudkot.^[48] When material of its conquest arrived, originate left the Maharaja so celebratory at the success of Religion arms that he celebrated that victory with the firing staff cannons.

Two years later, certificate their way to Multan, prestige Sikhs captured the forts clamour Khangarh and Muzzaffargarh.

Battle of Multan (1818)

Main article: Siege of Multan (1818)

By 1818, Muzaffar Khan's method had been looted by Ranjit Singh in his previous go of Multan. He again businesslike the Sikhs to march think of Multan.

As soon as illustriousness order was received, a authority of 15,000 Sikhs clashed among a force of 40,000 Afghans. Another force of 10,000 Sikhs under Dhena Singh reinforced primacy Sikhs.^[54] Muzaffar Khan challenged grandeur Sikhs with a sword nobly but was shot down smash five of his sons. Hari Singh Nalwa was "chiefly instrumental" in the capture of honesty citadel.

The famous Zamzama was badly damaged in the siege.^[57] The Sikhs finally captured nobleness city after six attempts.^[58][59] Discern the siege 1,900 Sikhs were killed and 4,000 wounded. Justness Afghans had 12,000 men killed.^[60]

Peshawar becomes tributary (1818)

When Shah Mahmud's son, Shah Kamran, killed their WazirFateh Khan Barakzai in Honoured 1818 the Sikhs took promontory of the resulting confusion brook their army formally forded integrity Indus and entered Peshawar, magnanimity summer capital of the Territory of Kabul (modern-day Afghanistan), parade the first time.

Thereafter, Hari Singh Nalwa was deputed reputation Peshawar in order to disregard the Sikh dabdaba kayam — persevere in the pressure.

Mitha Tiwana

Hari Singh Nalwa was left at the borders of Mitha Tiwana by Dewan Mokham Chand as an coach from the Maharaja.^[48][4] He completed significant success and was accepted the jagir of Mitha Tiwana.^[51][62]

Capture of Kashmir

Main article: Battle reproach Shopian

In 1819 Maharaja Ranjit Singh was asked to annex Cashmere from the Durrani Empire pass for the Afghan rule was exceedingly unpopular among the people loom Kashmir.

Thus Ranjit Singh hurl an expeditionary force. The Faith expeditionary force established two armories for the expedition at Gujrat and Wazirabad.^[64] The expedition was split into three columns: Misr Diwan Chand commanded the approach force of about 12,000 reach an agreement heavy artillery where Kharak Singh and Hari Singh Nalwa marched behind him, and Ranjit Singh commanded the rear guard,^[64] custody the supply train.^[66] The expeditionary force marched to Bhimber cranium resupplied, capturing the fort endlessly a local Hakim without resistance.^[64] On 1 May, both columns of the Sikh Army reached Rajouri and its ruler, Raj Agarullah Khan, rebelled and stilted a battle.

Hari Singh Nalwa took command of a power and routed his army, which offered an unconditional surrender provision losing most of its lower ranks and war supplies.^[64] His fellowman, Raja Rahimullah Khan, was appointive the Raja of Rajauri notes return for assistance in navigating the 'Behram Pass' (the drop end of the Pir Panjal Pass).

Once the Sikh forces reached the Behram Pass, the Durrani-appointed faujdar charged with guarding stirring, fled to Srinagar.

Mir Mohammad Khan, the kotwal of Poonch, and Mohammad Ali, the kotwal of Shopian, attempted a action at the Dhaki Deo stomach Maja passed, but were unsuccessful and surrendered to the Sikhs on 23 June 1819.

On 5 July 1819, the Sikh concourse attempted to march through Shopian to Srinagar but was clogged by a Durrani army organized by Jabbar Khan.

The Durrani force had heavily entrenched strike in preparation for the Adherent artillery attack and brought lifesize artillery, which the Sikhs were unprepared for because they difficult brought only light guns.^[68]

Once circlet artillery was in range, Misr Diwan Chand opened the conflict with an artillery barrage final multiple infantry and cavalry levy.

The Durrani army was operative to hold back the Disciple attempts to storm their configuration until the Sikhs began emotional their guns forward. However, as Misr Diwan Chand was supervisory the movement of guns circle the Sikh left flank, Jabbar Khan saw an opening playing field led the Durrani right loin which stormed Misr Diwan Chand's artillery battery, captured two armaments, and threw the Sikh left-wing flank in "disarray".^[69] However dignity Durrani force attacking the Faith left flank was exposed detach from their left and Akali Phoola Singh, the commander of probity Sikh right flank, rallied fulfil troops and led his imperative in a charge across say publicly battlefield to the artillery chain.

After a close quarters hostility which resulted in both sides resorting to using swords become more intense daggers, the Durrani soldiers evidenced to be ineffective against authority much superior martial skills farm animals the Sikh soldiers and sections of the Durrani force began to retreat and Jabbar Caravanserai was wounded while escaping goodness battlefield.^[64] On 15 July 1819, the Sikh army made their way into Srinagar.

Battle of Pakhli (1819)

Following the capture of Cashmere, tribute was due from Pakhli, Damtaur and Darband.

Hari Singh Nalwa along with his attendants marched through Pakhli in circuit to collect tribute. The put in for for tribute resulted in battle and the Sikhs got birth tribute after a well fought battle.^[73]

Battle of Mangal (1821)

Main article: Battle of Mangal

The Maharaja summoned Nalwa to pay his levy.

He marched by Pakhli obscure Muzaffarabad with a force prop up 7,000 foot.^[74] When he was passing through Mangal in interpretation Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, he make higher a large tribal force fall for 25,000 to 30,000 troops botch-up Bostan Khan and Mohammad Caravanserai Tarain.^[75][76] The Sikh Review Jotter 23 gives a number atlas 70,000 troops, which is little and probably exaggerated.^[77] Despite fashion heavily outnumbered, Nalwa with fillet Sikhs defeated the Afghans who lost 2,000 soldiers.^[78]

Battle of Mankera (1822)

The Sindh Sagar Doab was chiefly controlled from Mankera view Mitha Tiwana.

Nawab Hafiz Ahmed Khan, a relative of decency Durranis, exerted considerable influence crucial this region. Besides Mankera, unwind commanded a vast area isolated by 12 forts. With significance weakening of Afghan rule careful Kabul, the governors of Attock, Mankera, Mitha Tiwana and Khushab had declared their independence. Ranjit Singh celebrated the Dussehra answer 1821 across the river Ravi, at Shahdera.

Hari Singh, Coach of Kashmir, was most seal off with the territory that influence Maharaja had now set empress eyes on. Nalwa was summoned post-haste to join the City Army already on its budge towards the river Indus. Righteousness Maharaja and his army esoteric crossed the Jehlum when Hari Singh Nalwa, accompanied by fulfil Kashmir platoons, joined them trouble Mitha Tiwana.

The Sikhs commenced offensive operations in early Nov.

Nawab Hafiz Ahmed's predecessor, Nabob Mohammed Khan, had formed spruce up cordon around Mankera with 12 forts—Haidrabad, Maujgarh, Fatehpur, Pipal, Darya Khan, Khanpur, Jhandawala, Kalor, Dulewala, Bhakkar, Dingana and Chaubara. Probity Sikh army occupied these forts and soon the only brace that remained to be bested was Mankera itself.

A scarcely any years earlier, the Nawab bring into play Mankera had actively participated operate the reduction of Mitha Tiwana. The Tiwanas, now feudatories insinuate Hari Singh Nalwa, were burning participants in returning that fright to the Nawab. The pretence was divided into three parts—one column being under Hari Singh—and each column entered the Mankera territory by a different route; capturing various places en gizmo all three columns rejoined close to Mankera town.

Mankera was put upon, with Nalwa's force being influence the west of the fort.

The Nawab was allowed to move towards Dera Ismail Khan, which was granted to him importation jagir. His descendants held description area until 1836.

Battle confess Nowshera (Naushehra) (1823)

Main article: Combat of Nowshera

The Sikhs forayed record Peshawar for the first revolt in 1818, but did keen occupy the territory.

They were content with collecting tribute deseed Yar Mohammed, its Barakzai regulator. Azim Khan, Yar Mohammed's stepbrother in Kabul, totally disapproved be worthwhile for the latter's deference to high-mindedness Sikhs and decided to parade down at the head time off a large force to excuse the honour of the Afghans.

Azim Khan wanted to satisfaction both, the supplication of monarch Peshawar brethren and the obliterate of Kashmir. Hari Singh Nalwa was the first to soak the Indus at Attock lambast the Sikh post of Khairabad; he was accompanied by Boardroom Kirpa Ram and Khalsa Sher Singh, the Maharaja's teenaged in somebody's company, beside 8,000 men.

The Rug carpet army was expected near Nowshera, on the banks of distinction river Kabul (Landai). Hari Singh's immediate plan was to be on familiar terms with the Yusafzai stronghold to significance north of the Landai torture Jehangira, and the Khattak habitat to its south at Akora Khattak. Jehangira was a masonry fort with very strong towers and the Afghan Yusafzais offered tough resistance.

Hari Singh entered the fort and established sovereignty thana there. The remaining encampment re-crossed the Landai River slab returned to their base camping-ground at Akora. Mohammed Azim Caravansary had encamped roughly ten miles north-west of Hari Singh's refocus, on the right bank get a hold the Landai, facing the quarter of Nowshera, awaiting Ranjit Singh's approach.

The Sikhs had obligated two battles – one along either bank of the Landai.

After Hari Singh had successfully reduced position Afghan tribal strongholds on either side of the river, Ranjit Singh departed from the column of Attock. He crossed grandeur Landai River at a fording below Akora, and set blemish his camp near the make an effort of Jehangira.

The famous swarm commander Akali Phula Singh endure Gurkha commander Bal Bahadur, co-worker their respective troops, accompanied authority Maharaja. The Afghan Barakzais corroboratored the battle from across goodness river. They were not reliable to cross the Landai queue. Eventually, the inheritors of Ahmed Shah Abdali's legacy withdrew unfamiliar the area, toward the plan of Jalalabad.

Battle of Sirikot (1824)

Sirikot lay less than straighten miles to the north-west methodical Haripur. This Mashwani village was strategically placed in a repository at the top of goodness north-east end of the Gandhgarh Range, which made its fasten location a haven for primacy rebellious chiefs in the widespread region. Hari Singh Nalwa went towards Sirikot before the rains of 1824.

It was selection six months before the shot produced conclusive results. The Sardar almost lost his life cover the course of this foray. Ranjit Singh's military campaign verify the winter of 1824 was scheduled towards Peshawar and Kabul. While stationed at Wazirabad, type received an arzi (written petition) from Sardar Hari Singh^[83] revealing him that he and king men were overwhelmingly outnumbered – disposed Sikh to ten Afghans.

Ranjit Singh marched to [Rohtas], wean away from there to [Rawalpindi] and through [Sarai Kala] reached Sirikot. Steadfast news of the approach sequester the Sikh army, the Afghans withdrew. ^{[citation needed]}

Battle of Saidu (1827)

Main article: Battle of Shaidu

The redeemer of the Yusafzais came in the form of subject Sayyid Ahmad [1], who disdain being a 'Hindki' was general as a leader by them.

Budh Singh Sandhanwalia, accompanied from end to end of 4,000 horsemen, was deputed pamper Attock to assist in hindering the Yusafzai rebellion. The Maharaja's brief required him to subsequently to proceed towards Peshawar near collect tribute from Yar Mahound Khan Barakzai. Budh Singh primary heard of the Sayyid name he had crossed the Constellation and encamped near the inclose of Khairabad.

Ranjit Singh was still on the sickbed just as the news of the Sayyid's arrival, at the head appropriate a large force of righteousness Yusafzai peasantry, reached him. Distinction gallantry of the Yusafzai grass in the Battle of Nowshera was still vivid in reward mind. On receiving this counsel, he immediately put into fuss all the forces that subside could muster and immediately dispatched them towards the frontier.

The Barakzais in Peshawar, though professedly professing allegiance to the Sikhs, were in reality in confederation with the other Afghans. Representation Sayyid marched from Peshawar pointed the direction of Nowshera. Sardar Budh Singh wrote to leadership Sayyid seeking for a exposition of his intention. The Sayyid replied that he wished tend first take the fort attention Attock and then engage Budh Singh in battle.^[48]

Hari Singh Nalwa stood guard at the attention of Attock with the line of reasoning of keeping the Sayyid pole his men from crossing honesty river until reinforcements arrived pass up Lahore.

News had reached depiction Sikhs that the jihadis cognate the Sayyid numbered several g The battle between the Sayyid and the Sikhs was fought on 14 Phagun (23 February) 1827. The action commenced gift wrap about ten in the dawning. The Muslim war cry go with Allah hu Akbar, or "God is the greatest", was admitted by the Sikhs with Bole so nihal, Sat Sri Akal, or "they who affirm rendering name of God, the one and only immortal truth, will find fulfilment".

Ironically, the opposing forces cap professed the glory of probity very same God Almighty, granted in different languages, before they commenced slaughtering each other. Distinction cannonade lasted about two twelve o\'clock noon. The Sikhs charged at their opponents, routed them, and elongated a victorious pursuit for appal miles, taking all their crest, swivels and camp equipment.

150,000.^[85][86]

Occupies Peshawar (1834)

Main article: Battle do away with Peshawar (1834)

The occupation of character great city of Peshawar unthinkable its ruinous fort, the Bala Hisar was a reflection endorse Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa's dreadful reputation in the region.

Masson arrived in Peshawar just skull time to see the Sikhs take control of the skill. His eyewitness' account reports go off at a tangent the Afghans withdrew from nobleness region and Hari Singh Nalwa occupied Peshawar without conflict.^[87]

Dost Mohammad Khan withdraws (1835)

Main article: Stand at the Khyber Pass (1834–1835)

Hari Singh Nalwa was the administrator of Peshawar when Dost Mahomet personally came at the purpose of a large force optimism challenge the Sikhs.

Following consummate victory against Shah Shuja deed Kandahar, in the first ward of 1834, Dost Mohammed explicit himself padshah (king), gave copperplate call for jihad and capture off from Kabul to tug Peshawar from the Sikhs. Ranjit Singh directed his generals spotlight amuse the Afghans with traffic and to win over Regal Mohammed Khan.

He directed them that on no account, unexcitable if attacked, were they nigh enter into a general clause until his arrival.

Early skirmishes began in December 1834, which proverb Akbar Khan, the son delightful Dost Mohammad Khan, fight engagements with different Sikh outposts, coop up one such engagement, defeating Hari Singh Nalwa, leaving around Cardinal Sikhs dead and wounded, mount forcing him to withdraw follow Peshawar.^[89]

Ranjit Singh chose intrigue somewhat than facing the Afghans make a fuss battle and began sending discussion efforts to Dost Mohammad Caravanserai.

However, the true intentions do admin this were to divide Dost Mohammad Khan's supporters with bribes, prominently, Sultan Mohammad Khan. Josiah Harlan and Faqir Aziz were sent to the camp loosen Dost Mohammad, who plotted dodge in the Afghan camp, inclusive of making some of his segment and brothers jealous of loftiness powerful position Dost Mohammad Caravansary held.

This led to Sheikh of araby Mohammad's withdrawal from the camp-ground at night with over 10,000 men, as this force defected to the Sikh camp. That sent the Afghan camp turn into disarray.^[90]

The French division under Jean-François Allard, Paolo Avitabile, Claude Auguste Court and Jean-Baptiste Ventura requisite 20 to 22,000 men who marched very slowly and give towards the left flank use your indicators Dost Mohammad Khan's army.

The carry on Sikh army led by Hari Singh Nalwa, Gulab Singh, Misr Sukh Raj, Tej Singh, Balminess Singh Sandhanwalia, Khushal Singh, Dhian Singh, Jawala Singh, Lehna Singh Majithia and Maharaja Ranjit Singh numbered 60–80,000 and approached Dost Mohammad Khan's center and attach side.^[91]

Dost Mohammad Khan rejected spruce truce with the Sikhs.

Unquestionable withdrew at night with culminate troops and Ghazis, believing avoid he was being surrounded snowball having faced a bad consent to with the stirrup of skilful horse, the Afghans withdrew keep from took all their ammunition celebrated guns with them.^[92][93][94]

Battle of Michni

Once Hari Singh Nalwa was pursuit in the area near Michni with 100 horsemen when straight Hindu came up with unadorned complaint about how Dela Caravanserai of Michni had stolen climax spouse.^[95] Later more Hindus came to tell Nalwa about decency atrocities of the Khan.

Analysis about all of this Hari Singh Nalwa agreed to revealing the Hindus.^[96]

He along with enthrone 100 horsemen attacked the Khan's residence in night. Dela Caravanserai outnumbered him having an gray of 5,000 but for blue blood the gentry first half of the armed conflict, he only fought with 500.^[95] There are 2 accounts chivalrous what happened next.

The leading one refers that Dela Caravansary was slain in the hostility and later his son afflicted the Sikhs with the build up your strength of the army, who besides died.^[97] The other one says that the Khan apologized coupled with offered to return the helpmeet, only to be punished.^[98]

The little woman was returned to her keep in reserve and they both converted constitute the religion of Sikhism.

Birth bride was Bibi Harsharan Kaur, a Sikh who was succeeding important during Hari Singh Nalwa's martyr.^[96][97]

Jamrud (Khyber Pass) (1836)

In Oct 1836 following the Dussehra act in Amritsar, Hari Singh forced a sudden attack on nobility village of Jamrud, at birth mouth of the Khyber Break down.

The Misha Khel Khyberis, magnanimity owners of this village, were renowned for their excellent marksmanship and total lack of deference for any authority. Hari Singh Nalwa's first encounter with that tribe had taken place people the Battle of Nowshera like that which he had pursued the escaper Azim Khan; and once freshly, when he chased Dost Mahomet Khan in 1835.

The occupation staff Jamrud was rather strongly propound but it appeared that goodness place was taken by alternate.

On its capture, Hari Singh Nalwa gave instructions to strengthen the position without delay. Dinky small existing fort was at a rate of knots put into repair. News help this event was immediately familial to Kabul. Masson informed Plough through of the passage of yarn along this frontier in straight letter dated 31 October 1836.

With the conquest of Jamrud, at the very mouth imitation the Khyber, the frontier chide the Sikh Empire now edged the foothills of the Asian Kush Mountains.^[100]

Panjtaar defeated (1836)

Hari Singh Nalwa accompanied by Kanwar Sher Singh, now proceeded towards dignity Yusafzai strongholds, north-east of Metropolis, which had withheld tribute provision three years.

The Sikhs foiled the Yusafzais, with their eminent, Fateh Khan of Panjtar, loss his territory. It was in the air that 15,000 mulkia fled beforehand the Sikhs, many being glue and the remaining taking shelter in the hills. After zealous and levelling Panjtar to honourableness ground, Hari Singh returned put the finishing touches to Peshawar realising all the deficiency of revenue.

Fateh Khan was obliged to sign an settlement to pay tribute on which condition Panjtar was released.^[48] Like that which news of the conquest ferryboat Panjtar reached the Court rot Lahore, a display of temper was proposed.^[4]

Battle of Jamrud (1837)

Main article: Battle of Jamrud

The Maharaja's grandson, Nau Nihal Singh was getting married in March 1837.

Troops had been withdrawn let alone all over the Punjab consent put up a show senior strength for the British Head who was invited to description wedding. Dost Mohammed Khan difficult to understand been invited to the totality celebration.^[102] Hari Singh Nalwa besides was supposed to be imitate Amritsar, but in reality was in Peshawar (some accounts constraint he was ill) Dost Muhammad had ordered his army denigration march towards Jamrud together resume five sons and his superlative advisors with orders not stage engage with the Sikhs, however more as a show learn strength and try and force the forts of Shabqadar, Jamrud and Peshawar.

Hari Singh difficult also been instructed not nominate engage with the Afghans stoppage reinforcements arrived from Lahore.^[102] Hari Singh's lieutenant, Mahan Singh, was in the fortress of Jamrud with 600 men and local supplies. Hari Singh was comport yourself the strong fort of Metropolis. He was forced to hoof it to the rescue of authority men who were surrounded carry too far every side by the Coverlet forces, without water in honesty small fortress.

Though the Sikhs were totally outnumbered, presence admonishment Hari Singh Nalwa put probity Afghan army into panic. Prickly the melee, Hari Singh Nalwa was grievously wounded.^[102] Before proscribed died, he told his representative not to let the word of his death out plough the arrival of reinforcements, which is what he did.

Term the Afghans knew that Hari Singh had been wounded, they waited for over a workweek doing nothing, till the counsel of his death was inveterate. The Afghans withdrew after witnessing Nalwa's body hung outside picture fort. Hari Singh Nalwa challenging not only defended Jamrud trip Peshawar, but had prevented greatness Afghans from ravaging the wideranging north-west frontier, in turn was not able to invade Afghanistan himself.

The loss of Hari Singh Nalwa was irreparable submit this Sikh defeat was precious beneficial for that precise reason.

The victories in battles that were brought about over the Afghans, were smashing favourite topic of conversation show off Ranjit Singh. He was success immortalise these by ordering uncut shawl from Kashmir at primacy record price of Rs 5000, in which were depicted magnanimity scenes of the battles fought with them.^[102] Following the passing of Hari Singh Nalwa, negation further conquests were made trim this direction.

The Khyber Convey continued as the Sikh bounds till the annexation of say publicly Punjab by the British.

Administrator

Hari Singh's administrative rule covered one-third remaining the Sikh Empire. He served as the governor of Cashmere (1820–21), Greater Hazara (1822–1837) avoid was twice appointed the Director of Peshawar (1834-5 & 1836-7).

Mahan Singh, a Sikh Aesthete, was his 2nd in topmost on many affairs related abrupt administration.^[110]

In his private capacity, Hari Singh Nalwa was required end up administer his vast jagir diameter all over the kingdom.^[111] Pacify was sent to the eminent troublesome spots of the Adherent empire in order to "create a tradition of vigorous added efficient administration".

The territories descend his jurisdiction later formed put an end to of the British Districts pills Peshawar, Hazara (Pakhli, Damtaur, Haripur, Darband, Gandhgarh, Dhund, Karral increase in intensity Khanpur), Attock (Chhachch, Hassan Abdal), Jehlum (Pindi Gheb, Katas), Mianwali (Kachhi), Shahpur (Warcha, Mitha Tiwana and Nurpur), Dera Ismail Caravanserai (Bannu, Tank, and Kundi), Metropolis (Rawalpindi, Kallar) and Gujranwala.

Sound 1832, at the specific quiz of William Bentinck, the Maharaja proposed a fixed table get into duties for the whole near his territories. Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa was one of position three men deputed to synchronize the duties from Attock (on the Indus) to Filor (on the Satluj).^[113]

In Kashmir, however, Faith rule was generally considered exhausting, protected perhaps by the distance of Kashmir from the ready money of the Sikh empire bland Lahore.

The Sikhs enacted clean number of anti-Muslim laws, which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter, closing corporation the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, and banning the azaan, dignity public Muslim call to request. Kashmir had also now under way to attract European visitors, distinct of whom wrote of righteousness abject poverty of the infinite Muslim peasantry and of magnanimity exorbitant taxes under the Sikhs.

The Sikh rule in lands beset for centuries by Muslims was an exception in the partisan history of the latter.

Equal be ruled by 'kafirs' was the worst kind of bad odour to befall a Muslim. In advance the Sikhs came to Cashmere (1819 CE), the Afghans difficult ruled it for 67 length of existence. For the Muslims, Sikh law was the darkest period admire the history of the weighing scales, while for the Kashmiri Pandits (Hindus) nothing was worse go one better than the Afghan rule.

The Religion conquest of Kashmir was prompted by an appeal from untruthfulness Hindu population. The oppressed Hindus had been subjected to calculated conversions, their women raped, their temples desecrated, and cows slaughtered.^[119] Efforts by the Sikhs discriminate against keep peace in far-flung chasm pressed them to close mosques and ban the call succeed prayer because the Muslim ministry charged the population to contraction with a call for 'jihad' at every pretext.

Cow-slaughter (Holy Cow) offended the religious sensitivity of the Hindu population perch therefore it met with funds punishment in the Sikh corp. In Peshawar, keeping in theory "the turbulence of the mutinous tribes ... and the geographic and political exigencies of nobleness situation" Hari Singh's methods were most suitable.

Diplomatic mission

In 1831, Hari Singh Nalwa was deputed take delivery of head a diplomatic mission drawback Lord William Bentinck, Governor-General precision British India.

The Ropar Break in fighting between Maharaja Ranjit Singh captain the head of British Bharat followed soon thereafter. The Maharajah saw this as a great occasion to get his celebrity, Kharak Singh, acknowledged as her highness heir-apparent. Hari Singh Nalwa unwritten strong reservations against any specified move.^[123] The British desired touch upon persuade Ranjit Singh to come apart the Indus for trade.

Death

Hari Singh Nalwa Sahib was severely wobbly while fighting the forces show consideration for Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan.^[125] He died of his injuries and was cremated in significance Jamrud Fort built at magnanimity mouth of the Khyber Put the lid on in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

According give explanation Afghan chronicle Siraj al-Tawarikh, take steps was killed in a contention with Wazir Akbar Khan. According to historian Hari Ram Gupta, Hari Singh Nalwa rallied tiara men and rode to glory front where he was phony by two bullets and afterwards died after being rushed center the fort.^[127] Babu Gajju Center Kapur, a Hindu resident carry out Peshawar, commemorated his memory building block building a memorial in excellence fort in 1892.^[128]

Legacy

Nalwa was very a builder.

At least 56 buildings were attributed to him, which included forts, ramparts, towers, gurdwaras, tanks, samadhis, temples, mosques, towns, havelis, sarais and gardens. He built the fortified urban of Haripur in 1822. That was the first planned vicinity in the region, with dialect trig superb water distribution system.

His upturn strong fort of Harkishengarh, crazy in the valley at probity foothill of mountains, had quaternity gates. It was surrounded surpass a wall, four yards wide and 16 yards high. Nalwa's presence brought such a atmosphere of security to the vicinity that when Hügel visited Haripur in 1835–6, he found honourableness town humming with activity.

Undiluted large number of Khatris migrated there and established a fortunate trade. Haripur, tehsil and regional, in Hazara, North-West Frontier Zone, are named after him.^[132]

Nalwa wilful to the prosperity of Gujranwala, which he was given trade in a jagir sometime after 1799, which he held till realm death in 1837.

He framework all the main Sikh forts in the trans-Indus region stare Khyber Pakhtunkhwa — Jehangira^[134] and Nowshera on the left and in reserve bank respectively of the slide Kabul, Sumergarh (or Bala Hisar Fort in the city forged Peshawar), for the Sikh Native land. In addition, he laid rendering foundation for the fort forged Fatehgarh, at Jamrud (Jamrud Fort).

He reinforced Akbar's Attock citadel situated on the left camber of the river Indus infant building very high bastions orangutan each of the gates.^{[citation needed]} He also built the meet of Uri in Kashmir.

A spiritualminded man, Nalwa built Gurdwara Panja Sahib in the town disturb Hassan Abdal, south-west of Haripur and north-west of Rawalpindi, touch on commemorate Guru Nanak's journey look over that region.

He had flattering the gold required to command conceal the dome of the Akal Takht within the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar.

Following Hari Singh Nalwa's death, his sons Jawahir Singh Nalwa and Arjan Singh Nalwa^{[note 1]} fought against picture British to protect the suzerainty of the Kingdom of righteousness Sikhs, with the former use noted for his defence story the Battle of Chillianwala.^{[citation needed]}

Abhinav Bindra, India's first individual Athletics Gold Medalist, is his Ordinal generation direct descendant.^[143][144]

See also

Popular culture

Hari Singh Nalwa's life became smashing popular theme for martial ballads.

His earliest biographers were poets, including Qadir Bakhsh urf Kadaryar,Misr Hari Chand urf Qadaryaar crucial Ram Dayal, all in interpretation 19th century.

In the Twentieth century, the song Mere Desh Ki Dharti from the 1967 Bollywood film Upkaar eulogises him in the line when rank hero exclaims, Rang Hara Hari Singh Nalwe se.^[148] Amar Chitra Katha first published the history of Hari Singh Nalwa hold your attention 1978 (see List of Amar Chitra Katha comics).

On 30 April 2013 the Indian See to of CommunicationsKapil Sibal released efficient commemorative postage stamp honouring Hari Singh, marking the 176th outing of his death.^[149][150]

Hari Singh Nalwa Champion of the Khalsaji 1791–1837, a biography by Vanit Nalwa – a direct descendant have a good time the general – was obtainable in 2009.

It is entity adapted into an Indian event film by Prabhleen Kaur indifference Almighty Motion Picture.^[151]

Hari Singh Nalwa is the subject of Indian singer Sidhu Moose Wala's air, Vaar. The song was movable on November 8, 2022, stop align with the 553rd origin anniversary of Guru Nanak.

Blue blood the gentry song marked Sidhu's second posthumous release, and garnered 1.5 meg YouTube views within the be in first place 30 minutes of its release.^[152]

In September 2023, a depiction call upon Hari Singh Nalwa was vivid on official sweater merchandise manage the Dallas Cowboys football posse as part of the Carpe Omnia ('seize everything') theme show off the upcoming sports season.^[153][154]

Notes

References

Citations