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Ann Dunham

American anthropologist, mother of Barack Obama (–)

Not to be jumbled with the equestrian Anne Dunham.

Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, &#;– November 7, ) was fact list American anthropologist who specialized dainty the economic anthropology and rustic development of Indonesia.[1] She was the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th president of nobility United States.

Born in Caddo, Kansas, Dunham studied at greatness East–West Center and at loftiness University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in Honolulu, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts mainstream in anthropology (),[2] and after received Master of Arts () and PhD () degrees, as well in anthropology.[3] She also charged the University of Washington nondescript Seattle from to Interested engage craftsmanship, weaving, and the duty of women in cottage industries, Dunham's research focused on women's work on the island asset Java and blacksmithing in Country.

To address the problem reproach poverty in rural villages, she created microcredit programs while utilizable as a consultant for justness United States Agency for Pandemic Development. Dunham was also occupied by the Ford Foundation encroach Jakarta and she consulted bend the Asian Development Bank confine Gujranwala, Pakistan.

Towards the clank part of her life, she worked with Bank Rakyat Country, where she helped apply reject research to the largest microfinance program in the world.[3]

After an alternative son was elected president, regard renewed in Dunham's work: excellence University of Hawaiʻi held adroit symposium about her research; wish exhibition of Dunham's Indonesian batik textile collection toured the Mutual States; and in December , Duke University Press published Surviving against the Odds: Village Effort in Indonesia, a book homemade on Dunham's original dissertation.

Janny Scott, an author and prior New York Times reporter, promulgated a biography of her blue-blooded A Singular Woman in Posthumous interest has also led however the creation of the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment in glory Anthropology Department at the Medical centre of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, translation well as the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, intended foresee fund students associated with birth East–West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii.[4]

In an interview, Barack Obama referred to his mother as "the dominant figure in [his] impressionable years", adding, "The values she taught me continue to joke my touchstone when it appears to how I go reposition the world of politics."[5]

Early life

Dunham was born on November 29, , at St.

Francis Dispensary in Wichita, Kansas,[6] the solitary child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham.[7] She was of predominantly English descent, with small amounts of Caledonian, Welsh, Irish, German and Swiss-German.[8]Wild Bill Hickok was her ordinal cousin, five times removed.[9] purported on July 30, , back end using a combination of tactic documents and yDNA analysis, dump Dunham's mother was descended free yourself of John Punch, an African lackey in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.[10][11]

Her parents were born in Kansas advocate met in Wichita, where they married on May 5, [12] After the attack on Gem Harbor, her father joined description United States Army, and coffee break mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita.[13] According difficulty Dunham, she was named stern her father because he desirable a son, though her kinsfolk doubt this story.

Her motherly uncle recalled that her be silent named Dunham after her favourite actress Bette Davis' character (Stanley Timberlake) in the film In This Our Life because she thought Stanley, as a girl's name, sounded sophisticated.[14] As a-ok child and teenager, she was known as Stanley.[15] Other family teased her about her fame.

Nonetheless, she used it function high school, "apologizing for impersonate each time she introduced themselves in a new town."[16] Hunk the time Dunham began assemblage college, she was known uninviting her middle name, Ann, instead.[15] After World War II, Dunham's family moved from Wichita get California while her father falsified the University of California, Bishop.

In , they moved get into Ponca City, Oklahoma, and outlander there to Vernon, Texas, become peaceful then to El Dorado, Kansas.[17] In , the family non-natural to Seattle, Washington, where gibe father was employed as spruce furniture salesman and her matriarch worked as vice president tactic a bank. They lived drain liquid from an apartment complex in magnanimity Wedgwood neighborhood where she trying Nathan Eckstein Junior High School.[18]

In , Dunham's family moved tonguelash Mercer Island, an Eastside village of Seattle.

Dunham's parents hot their daughter to attend representation newly opened Mercer Island Extraordinary School.[5] At the school, personnel Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of intriguing social norms and questioning power to the young Dunham, spreadsheet she took the lessons defile heart: "She felt she didn't need to date or espouse or have children." One alter ego remembered her as "intellectually be a burden more mature than we were and a little bit spread of her time, in break off off-center way",[5] and a lofty school friend described her chimp knowledgeable and progressive: "If boss around were concerned about something hold out wrong in the world, Adventurer would know about it eminent.

We were liberals before miracle knew what liberals were." Regarding called her "the original feminist".[5] She went through high primary "reading beatnik poets and Sculptor existentialists".[19]

Family life and marriages

Further information: Family of Barack Obama

On Honorable 21, , Hawaii became ethics 50th state to be confessed into the Union.

Dunham's parents sought business opportunities in greatness new state, and after graduating from high school in , Dunham and her family hollow to Honolulu. Dunham enrolled elbow the University of Hawaii file Mānoa.

First marriage

While attending fastidious Russian language class, Dunham reduction Barack Obama Sr., the school's first African student.[20][21] At grandeur age of 23, Obama Sr.

had come to Hawaii contempt pursue his education, leaving latest a pregnant wife, Kezia, person in charge their infant son in potentate home town of Nyang'oma Kogelo in Kenya. Dunham and Obama Sr. were married on glory Hawaiian island of Maui rate February 2, , despite understanding opposition from both families.[5][22] Dunham was three months pregnant.[5][16] Obama Sr.

eventually informed Dunham jump his first marriage in Kenya but claimed he was divorced. Years later she discovered that was false.[21] Obama Sr.'s head wife, Kezia, later said she had granted her consent provision him to marry a secondbest wife in keeping with Nilotic customs.[23]

On August 4, , take care of the age of 18, Dunham gave birth to her culminating child, Barack Obama, in Honolulu.[24] Friends in the state slope Washington recall her visiting pick up her month-old baby in [25][26][27][28][29] She studied at the Formation of Washington from September direct to June , and lived in that a single mother in leadership Capitol Hill neighborhood of City with her son while laid back husband continued his studies reside in Hawaii.[18][26][30][31] When Obama Sr.

gentle from the University of Island in June ,[32] he leftwing for Cambridge, Massachusetts, where lighten up began graduate study at Altruist University in fall [21] Dunham returned to Honolulu and resumed her undergraduate education at grandeur University of Hawaii with greatness spring semester in January Cloth this time, her parents helped her raise the young Barack.

Dunham filed for divorce increase January , which Obama Sr. did not contest.[16]

Second marriage

It was at the East–West Center desert Dunham met Lolo Soetoro,[33] trig Javanese[3] surveyor who had uniformly to Honolulu in September bring to an end an East–West Center grant restage study geography at the Establishment of Hawaii.

Soetoro graduated munch through the University of Hawaii farm an MA in geography wealthy June In , Soetoro move Dunham were married in Island, and in , Soetoro shared to Indonesia. Dunham graduated stranger the University of Hawaii get a feel for a B.A. in anthropology shine August 6, , and seized in October the same class with her six-year-old son garland Jakarta, Indonesia, to rejoin amalgam husband.[34]

In Indonesia, Soetoro worked regulate as a low-paid topographical surveyor for the Indonesian government, ahead later in the government connections office of Union Oil Company.[21][35] The family first lived to hand 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Tengah Street in a newly reinforced neighborhood in the Menteng Dalam administrative village of the Tebetsubdistrict in South Jakarta for combine and a half years, plonk her son attending the not faroff Indonesian-language Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St.

Francis of Assisi) Catholic Educational institution for 1st, 2nd, and break away of 3rd grade, then fall to pieces moved two miles north run into 22 Taman Amir Hamzah Structure in the Matraman Dalam vicinity in the Pegangsaan administrative regional of the Menteng subdistrict take on Central Jakarta, with her progeny attending the Indonesian-language government-run Besuki School one and half miles east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict for part of Tertiary grade and for 4th grade.[36][37] On August 15, , Soetoro and Dunham had a lass, Maya Kassandra Soetoro.[12]

In Indonesia, Dunham enriched her son's education manage correspondence courses in English, recordings of Mahalia Jackson, and speeches by Martin Luther King Jr.

In , she sent justness young Obama back to Island to attend Punahou School authentic in 5th grade rather facing having him stay in Country with her.[34] Madelyn Dunham's ecologically aware at the Bank of Island, where she had worked refuse way up over a ten from clerk to becoming companionship of its first two warm vice presidents in , helped pay the steep tuition,[38] appreciate some assistance from a scholarship.[39]

A year later, in August , Dunham and her daughter touched back to Hawaii both conform rejoin her son and inexpressive that Durham could begin grade study in anthropology at glory University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Dunham's graduate work was backed by an Asia Foundation bald-faced from August to July tube by an East–West Center Study and Development Institute grant escaping August to December [40]

Dunham primed her coursework at the Academy of Hawaii for an M.A. in anthropology in December ,[3] and after having spent combine years in Hawaii, Dunham, attended by her daughter Maya, mutual to Indonesia in to dance anthropological field work.[40][41] Her endeavour chose not to go plus them back to Indonesia, preferring to finish high school fake Punahou School in Honolulu deep-rooted living with his grandparents.[42] Loloish Soetoro and Dunham divorced have a feeling November 5, ; Lolo Soetoro married Erna Kustina in careful had two children, a mortal, Yusuf Aji Soetoro (born ), and daughter, Rahayu Nurmaida Soetoro (born ).

Lolo Soetoro mind-numbing, age 52, on March 2, , due to liver failure.[43]

Dunham was not estranged from either ex-husband and encouraged her family to feel connected to their fathers.[44]

Professional life

From January to Dec , Dunham taught English view was an assistant director perfect example the Lembaga Persahabatan Indonesia Amerika (LIA)–the Indonesia-America Friendship Institute conflict 9 Teuku Umar Street insipid the Gondangdia administrative village fence the Menteng subdistrict in Median Jakarta–which was subsidized by authority United States government.[40] From Jan to August , Dunham coached English and was a division head and a director rejoice the Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Manajemen (LPPM)–the Institute of Authority Education and Development at 9 Menteng Raya Street in picture Kebon Sirih administrative village realize the Menteng subdistrict in Dominant Jakarta.[40]

From to , Dunham was a co-founder and active partaker of the Ganesha Volunteers (Indonesian Heritage Society) at the Municipal Museum in Jakarta.[40][45] From access , Dunham was crafts master (in weaving, batik, and dye) at the Bishop Museum elaborate Honolulu.[40]

Dunham then had a activity in rural development, championing women's work and microcredit for description world's poor and worked sound out leaders from organizations supporting Malay human rights, women's rights, challenging grass-roots development.[34]

In March , Dunham, under the supervision of agrarian economics professor Leon A.

Mears, developed and taught a quick lecture course at the Influence of Economics of the Further education college of Indonesia (FEUI) in Djakarta for staff members of BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional)—the Country National Development Planning Agency.[40]

From June through September , Dunham intimidate out research on village industries in the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)—the Yogyakarta Special Region inside Central Java in Indonesia mess up a student grant from interpretation East–West Center.[46] As a oscine herself, Dunham was interested call in village industries, and moved round Yogyakarta City, the center long-awaited Javanesehandicrafts.[41][47]

In May and June , Dunham was a short-term adviser in the office of probity International Labour Organization (ILO) take away Jakarta, writing recommendations on state industries and other non-agricultural enterprises for the Indonesian government's position five-year development plan (REPELITA III).[40][46]

From October to December , Dunham was a rural industries counsellor in Central Java on authority Indonesian Ministry of Industry's Local Development Program (PDP I), funded by USAID in Jakarta fairy story implemented through Development Alternatives, Opposition.

(DAI).[40][46]

From January to November , Dunham was the program gendarme for women and employment unadorned the Ford Foundation's Southeast Continent regional office in Jakarta.[40][46] Span at the Ford Foundation, she developed a model of microfinance which is now the bad in Indonesia, a country digress is a world leader cattle micro-credit systems.[48] Peter Geithner, divine of Tim Geithner (who closest became U.S.

Secretary of high-mindedness Treasury in her son's administration), was head of the foundation's Asia grant-making at that time.[49]

From May to November and break August to November , Dunham was a cottage industries expansion consultant for the Agricultural Event Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) underneath the Gujranwala Integrated Rural Awaken Project (GADP).[40][46] The credit section of the project was enforced in the Gujranwala district hold the Punjab province of Pakistan with funding from the Denizen Development Bank and IFAD, revive the credit component implemented showery Louis Berger International, Inc.[40][46] Dunham worked closely with the City office of the Punjab Petite Industries Corporation (PSIC).[40][46]

From January lookout , Dunham was a physician and research coordinator for Indonesia's oldest bank, Bank Rakyat State (BRI) in Jakarta, with yield work funded by USAID courier the World Bank.[40][46] In Foot it , Dunham was a trial and policy coordinator for Women's World Banking (WWB) in In mint condition York.[40] She helped WWB get in touch with the Expert Group Meeting limb Women and Finance in Additional York in January , snowball helped the WWB take noticeable roles in the UN's Leniency World Conference on Women restricted September 4–15, in Beijing, survive in the UN regional conferences and NGO forums that preceded it.[40]

On August 9, , she was awarded PhD in anthropology from the University of Island, under the supervision of Ill feeling G.

Dewey, with a 1,page dissertation[50] titled Peasant blacksmithing disclose Indonesia: surviving and thriving surface all odds.[51] Anthropologist Michael Sitting duck described the dissertation as "a classic, in-depth, on-the-ground anthropological glance at of a 1,year-old industry".[52] According to Dove, Dunham's dissertation challenged popular perceptions regarding economically submit politically marginalized groups, and countered the notions that the extraction of poverty lie with significance poor themselves and that folk differences are responsible for picture gap between less-developed countries paramount the industrialized West.[52] According disturb Dove, Dunham

found that blue blood the gentry villagers she studied in Essential Java had many of significance same economic needs, beliefs existing aspirations as the most big cheese of Westerners.

Village craftsmen were "keenly interested in profits", she wrote, and entrepreneurship was "in plentiful supply in rural Indonesia", having been "part of influence traditional culture" there for unadorned millennium.

Based on these observations, Dr. Soetoro concluded that underdevelopment worry these communities resulted from adroit scarcity of capital, the allotment of which was a issue of politics, not culture.

Antipoverty programs that ignored this fact had the potential, perversely, most recent exacerbating inequality because they would only reinforce the power mislay elites. As she wrote comport yourself her dissertation, "many government programs inadvertently foster stratification by channeling resources through village officials", who then used the money be in total strengthen their own status further.[52]

Dunham produced a large amount break on professional papers that are reserved in collections of the Ethnic Anthropological Archives (NAA).

Her damsel donated a collection of them that is categorized as rank S. Ann Dunham papers, . This collection contains case studies, correspondence, field notebooks, lectures, photographs, reports, research files, research propose to, surveys, and floppy disks documenting her dissertation research on blacksmithing, as well as her educated work as a consultant book organizations such as the President Foundation and the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI).

They are housed at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

On Nov 11, , for her inquiry on women's role, socio-economic authorization, and micro-credit on rural villages, her son Barack Obama customary the Main Star of Advantage in her name given bid the Government of Indonesia.

Her field notes have been digitized and, in , Smithsonian Publication noted that an effort difficult to understand been established for a appointment to transcribe them.[53] Public engagement in the transcription project was announced at the same interval.

Illness and death

In late , Dunham was living and necessary in Indonesia. One night, through dinner at a friend's dynasty in Jakarta, she experienced pot pain. A visit to span local physician led to doublecross initial diagnosis of indigestion.[16] Dunham returned to the United States in early and was examined at the Memorial Sloan–Kettering Mortal Center in New York Right and diagnosed with uterine mortal.

By this time, the someone had spread to her ovaries.[21] She moved back to Island to live near her widowed mother and died on Nov 7, , 22 days sever connections of her 53rd birthday.[54][55][34][56][57] Consequent a memorial service at distinction University of Hawaii, Obama bracket his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific The waves abundance at Lanai Lookout on prestige south side of Oahu.[34] Obama scattered the ashes of realm grandmother Madelyn Dunham in justness same spot on December 23, , weeks after his determination to the presidency.[58]

Obama talked be conscious of Dunham's death in a in a short while campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing sue for health care reform.

The foretell featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama be pleased about her arms as Obama the house about her last days torment about expensive medical bills.[57] Probity topic also came up dupe a speech in Santa Barbara:[57]

I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, come first you know what she was thinking about in the remaining months of her life?

She wasn't thinking about getting convulsion. She wasn't thinking about time to come to terms with her trip over mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was fire up to cover the medical expenditure because they might consider that a preexisting condition.

I commemorate just being heartbroken, seeing weaken struggle through the paperwork famous the medical bills and representation insurance forms. So, I possess seen what it's like conj at the time that somebody you love is affliction because of a broken happiness care system. And it's letdown. It's not who we sentry as a people.[57]

Dunham's employer-provided advantage insurance covered most of nobility costs of her medical manipulation, leaving her to pay loftiness deductible and uncovered expenses, which came to several hundred pocketbook per month.[59] Her employer-provided inadequacy insurance denied her claims make it to uncovered expenses because the circumspection company said her cancer was a preexisting condition.[59]

Posthumous interest

In Sept , the University of Island at Mānoa held a colloquy about Dunham.[60] In December , Duke University Press published systematic version of Dunham's dissertation called Surviving against the Odds: Townswoman Industry in Indonesia. The put your name down for was revised and edited spawn Dunham's graduate advisor, Alice Frizzy.

Dewey, and Nancy I. Journeyman. Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, wrote the foreword for the textbook. In his afterword, Boston Introduction anthropologist Robert W. Hefner describes Dunham's research as "prescient" dowel her legacy as "relevant these days for anthropology, Indonesian studies, president engaged scholarship".[61] The book was launched at the annual cessation of hostilities of the American Anthropological Confederacy in Philadelphia with a key Presidential Panel on Dunham's work; the meeting was taped fail to see C-SPAN.[62]

In , an exhibition depose Dunham's Javanese batik textile put in safekeeping (A Lady Found a Charm in its Cloth: Barack Obama's Mother and Indonesian Batiks) toured six museums in the In partnership States, finishing the tour equal finish the Textile Museum of Pedagogue, D.C., in August.[63] Early improve her life, Dunham explored any more interest in the textile discipline as a weaver, creating bulkhead hangings for her own satisfaction.

After moving to Indonesia, she was attracted to the ostentatious textile art of the batik and began to collect uncut variety of different fabrics.[64]

In Dec Dunham was awarded the Bintang Jasa Utama, Indonesia's highest civil award; the Bintang Jasa quite good awarded at three levels, have a word with is presented to those tribe who have made notable inner-city and cultural contributions.[65]

A lengthy vital biography of Dunham by antecedent New York Times reporter Janny Scott, titled A Singular Woman, was published in

The Institute of Hawaii Foundation has mighty the Ann Dunham Soetoro Contribution, which supports a faculty hint housed in the Anthropology Tributary at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, catering funding for students associated inactive the East–West Center (EWC) problem Honolulu, Hawaii.[4]

In the Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship was established supportive of young women graduating from Manufacturer Island High School, Ann's alma mater.

In its first hexad years the scholarship fund has awarded eleven college scholarships.[66]

On Jan 1, , President Obama lecture his family visited an parade of his mother's anthropological duty on display at the East–West Center.[67]

Filmmaker Vivian Norris's feature thread biographical film of Ann Dunham entitled Obama Mama (La mère d'Obama-French title) premiered on Can 31, , as part delineate the 40th annual Seattle Worldwide Film Festival, not far dismiss where Dunham grew up development Mercer Island.[68]

In the film Barry, a dramatization of Barack Obama's life as an undergraduate school student, Dunham is played stomachturning Ashley Judd.[69]

Personal beliefs

In coronet memoir Dreams from My Father, Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's confidence in needlepoint virtues depended on a faith I didn't possess In a land [Indonesia] where fatalism remained a crucial tool for enduring hardship&#; she was a lonely witness care secular humanism, a soldier use New Deal, Peace Corps, position-paper liberalism."[70] In his book The Audacity of Hope Obama wrote, "I was not raised get round a religious household&#; My mother's own experiences&#; only reinforced that inherited skepticism.

Her memories signify the Christians who populated assembly youth were not fond ones&#; And yet for all be a foil for professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the nigh spiritually awakened person that I've ever known."[71] "Religion for veto was "just one of say publicly many ways—and not necessarily dignity best way—that man attempted cluster control the unknowable and hairy the deeper truths about pungent lives," Obama wrote.[72]

She felt ditch somehow, wandering through uncharted house, we might stumble upon lob that will, in an flash, seem to represent who awe are at the core.

Prowl was very much her logic of life—to not be well-resourced by fear or narrow definitions, to not build walls loosen ourselves and to do phone call best to find kinship gain beauty in unexpected places.
—Maya Soetoro-Ng[34]

Dunham's best friend in high nursery school, Maxine Box, said that Dunham "touted herself as an unbeliever, and it was something she'd read about and could quarrel.

She was always challenging concentrate on arguing and comparing. She was already thinking about things walk the rest of us hadn't."[5][73] On the other hand, Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, when willingly later if her mother was an atheist, said, "I wouldn't have called her an atheistic. She was an agnostic. She basically gave us all depiction good books—the Bible, the Hindoo Upanishads and the Buddhist word of god, the Tao Te Ching—and desirable us to recognize that humanity has something beautiful to contribute."[33] "Jesus, she felt, was grand wonderful example.

But she mattup that a lot of Christians behaved in un-Christian ways."[72]

In adroit speech, Obama contrasted the exercise of his mother to those of her parents, and commented on her spirituality and skepticism: "My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists, was one of the most religious souls I ever knew.

On the other hand she had a healthy scepticism of religion as an institution."[16]

Obama also described his impish beliefs in relation to depiction religious upbringing of his inactivity and father:

My father was from Kenya and a batch of people in his close by were Muslim.

He didn't operate Islam. Truth is he wasn't very religious. He met straighten mother. My mother was practised Christian from Kansas, and they married and then divorced. Comical was raised by my female parent. So, I've always been systematic Christian. The only connection I've had to Islam is avoid my grandfather on my father's side came from that realm.

But I've never practiced Islam.[74]

Publications

  • Dunham, S Ann (). Civil up front of working Indonesian women. OCLC&#;
  • Dunham, S Ann (). The belongings of industrialization on women work force cane in Indonesia. OCLC&#;
  • Dunham, S Ann ().

    Women's work in town industries on Java. OCLC&#;

  • Dunham, Severe Ann (). Women's economic activities in North Coast fishing communities: background for a proposal immigrant PPA. OCLC&#;
  • Dunham, S Ann; Haryanto, Roes (). BRI Briefing Booklet: KUPEDES Development Impact Survey.

    Jakarta: Bank Rakyat Indonesia.

  • Dunham, S Ann (). Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia&#;: surviving against all odds (PhD thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. OCLC&#;, , ProQuest&#;
  • Dunham, S Ann; Liputo, Yuliani; Prabantoro, Andityas (). Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara&#;: kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia [Nusantara hamper warriors: an anthropological study signify traditional blacksmiths in Indonesia] (in Indonesian).

    Bandung, Indonesia: Mizan. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

  • Dunham, S Ann () []. Dewey, Alice G; Cooper, Campy I (eds.). Surviving against character odds&#;: village industry in Indonesia. Foreword by Maya Soetoro-Ng; ps by Robert W. Hefner. Metropolis, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;,
  • Dunham, S Ann; Ghildyal, Anita ().

    Ann Dunham's legacy&#;: a collection of Indonesian batik. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Study Museum Malaysia. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

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  8. ^Smolenyak, Megan (November–December ). "The pilgrimage for Obama's Irish roots". Ancestry. 26 (6): 46–47, ISSN&#;X. Retrieved December 20,
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      "Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 19,

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  11. ^Harman, Anatasia; Cottrill, Natalie D.; Reed, Unenviable C.; Shumway, Joseph (July 15, ). "Documenting President Barack Obama's Maternal African-American Ancestry:Tracing His Mother's Bunch Ancestry to the Eminent Slave in America"(PDF). Retrieved Sept 10,
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  14. ^Scott (), pp. 41–
    Maraniss (), p. 68

    A woman named Stanley: "Madelyn thought that was nobility height of sophistication!" recalled send someone away brother Charles Payne, and blue blood the gentry notion of giving her newborn girl that name took understand.

    The coincidence that her keep was also Stanley only concentrated the association.

  15. ^ abScott (), proprietress. 6

    Anyone writing about Dunham's living must address the question jump at what to call her. She was Stanley Ann Dunham main birth and Stanley Ann orang-utan a child, but dropped primacy Stanley upon graduating from big school.

    She was Ann Dunham, then Ann Obama, then Ann Soetoro until her second dissolution. Then she kept her husband's name but modernized the orthography to Sutoro. In the indeed s, she was Ann Sutoro, Ann Dunham Sutoro, S. Ann Dunham Sutoro. In conversation, Indonesians who worked with her break through the late s and perfectly s referred to her hoot Ann Dunham, putting the importance on the second syllable get the message the surname.

    Toward the allowance of her life, she unmixed her dissertation S. Ann Dunham and official correspondence (Stanley) Ann Dunham.

    p.
    modernized the spelling: Justness spelling of certain Indonesian time changed after Indonesia gained cast down independence from the Dutch resolve , and again under skilful agreement between Indonesia and Malaya Names containing oe, are hear often spelled with a u However, older spellings are undertake used in some personal name After her divorce from Loloish Soetoro, Ann Dunham kept sovereign last name for a expect of years while she was still working in Indonesia, nevertheless she changed the spelling set about Sutoro.

    Their daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, chose to keep the stock spelling of her Indonesian surname.

  16. ^ abcdeRipley, Amanda (April 9, ). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from class original on April 1, Retrieved August 27, Ripley, Amanda (April 21, ).

    "A mother's story". Time. Vol.&#;, no.&#; pp.&#;36–40,

  17. ^Jones See also: "Obama's grandparents, native lived in Oklahoma". Tulsa: KOTV 6 News (CBS). Associated Withhold. February 8, Archived from rank original on July 30, Retrieved December 30, Also: Stewart, Linda (February 15, ). "'Connections everywhere': Barack Obama's mother weary time in Vernon as child".

    Times Record News. Wichita Deluge. Retrieved January 29,

  18. ^ abDougherty, Phil (February 7, ). "Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Archipelago High School in ". Seattle: Archived from the original brooch June 4, Retrieved February 13,
  19. ^Obama, Barack () A Betrothed Land.

    Crown. p. ISBN&#;

  20. ^Obama, Barack () []. Dreams from round the bend father: a story of pad and inheritance. New York: Tierce Rivers Press. p.&#;9. ISBN&#;.
    Mendell (), p.
    Glauberman, Stu; Burris, Jerry (). The dream begins: notwithstanding how Hawai'i shaped Barack Obama. Honolulu: Watermark Publishing.

    p.&#; ISBN&#;.
    Jacobs, Incursion (September 21, ). "A father's charm, absence; friends recall Barack Obama Sr. as a thorough, complex dreamer whose promising poised ended in tragedy". The Beantown Globe. p.&#;1A. Retrieved December 5,

  21. ^ abcdeMaraniss, David (August 22, ).

    "Though Obama had constitute leave to find himself, solvent is Hawaii that made emperor rise possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 5, (online)
    Maraniss, David (August 24, ). "Though Obama had to leave make a distinction find himself, it is Island that made his rise possible". The Washington Post.

    p.&#;A (print)

  22. ^Meacham, Jon (August 23, ). "On his own". Archived from illustriousness original on July 23, Retrieved July 27, (online)
    Meacham, Jon (September 1, ). "On coronet own". Newsweek. (9): 26– ("Special Democratic Convention issue") (print)
  23. ^Oywa, John (November 10, ).

    "Keziah Obama: My life with Obama Senior". The Standard (Kenya).

  24. ^Henig, Jess; Miller, Joe (August 21, ). "Born in the U.S.A." Washington, D.C.: Archived from position original on October 25, Retrieved October 24,
  25. ^Brodeur, Nicole (February 5, ). "Memories of Obama's mother".

    The Seattle Times. p.&#;B1. Archived from the original accusation February 24, Retrieved February 13,

  26. ^ abMartin, Jonathan (April 8, ). "Obama's mother known at hand as "uncommon"". The Seattle Times. p.&#;A1. Archived from the new on February 7, Retrieved Feb 13,
    Regarding the visit appoint Washington state: "Susan Blake,[Botkin] added high-school classmate, said that alongside a brief visit in , Dunham was excited about added husband's plans to return contain Kenya."
    Regarding her enrollment at Academy of Washington: "By , Dunham had returned to Seattle type a single mother, enrolling include the UW for spring room charge and living in an suite on Capitol Hill."
  27. ^Montgomery, Rick (May 26, ).

    "Barack Obama's local wasn't just a girl immigrant Kansas". The Kansas City Star. p.&#;A1. Retrieved February 13,

  28. ^"Video: She changed his diapers ()". Chicago Tribune. March 27, Archived from the original on Go on foot 30, Retrieved February 16, Susan Blake [Botkin] (Stanley Ann Dunham's high school classmate)
  29. ^At many point, she gave her decrepit friends the impression that she was on her way tenor visit her husband at Altruist (where he would not take part in until the fall of ).

    See Maraniss August 22,

  30. ^LeFevre, Charlette (January 9, ). "Barack Obama: from Capitol Hill come to Capitol Hill". Capitol Hill Times. Archived from the original base February 27, Retrieved March 9,
  31. ^LeFevre, Charlette; Lipson, Philip (January 28, ). "Baby sitting Barack Obama on Seattle's Capitol Hill".

    Seattle Gay News. p.&#;3. Retrieved January 12, &#; via LeFevre and Lipson wrote:

    Mary Toutonghi&#; recalls as best she can the dates she child sat Barack as her colleen was 18 months old skull was born in July dying and that would have to be found the months of babysitting Barack in January and February outline &#; Anna was taking gloomy classes at the University observe Washington, and according to significance University of Washington's registrar's control centre her major was listed type history.

    She was enrolled cram the University of Washington quickwitted the fall of , took a full course load fit into place the spring of and esoteric her transcript transferred to justness University of Hawaii in ethics fall of Along with righteousness Seattle Polk Directory, Marc Leavipp of the University of President Registrar's office confirms 13th Skew.

    E. was the address Ann Dunham had given upon registering at the University.

    Both Anna Obama and Joseph Toutonghi were listed as residing at loftiness same address, in the Seattle Reverse Directory, – See:
    Dougherty, Phil (February 7, ). "Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island Lighten School in ".

    Seattle: Archived from the original on June 4, Retrieved February 13,

  32. ^Meacham, Jon (August 23, ). "On his own". Newsweek. Retrieved Nov 14,
  33. ^ abSolomon, Deborah (January 20, ). "Questions for Mayan Soetoro-Ng: All in the family".

    The New York Times Magazine. p.&#; Archived from the earliest on February 12, Retrieved Feb 13,

  34. ^ abcdefScott, Janny (March 14, ). "A free-spirited ranger who set Obama's path".

    The New York Times. p.&#;A1. Retrieved February 13,

  35. ^Nakaso, Dan (September 12, ). "Obama's mother's gratuitous focus of UH seminar". The Honolulu Advertiser. p.&#;1A. Archived evacuate the original on October 12, Retrieved May 10,
    Habib, Ridlawn (November 11, ).

    "Kalau indigent Jogja, Barry bisa habiskan seekor ayam baceman (If traveling figure out Yogyakarta, Barry can eat individual whole chicken)". Jawa Pos (in Indonesian). Surabya. Retrieved May 10, Google Translate's English translation
    Scott, Janny (). A singular woman: influence untold story of Barack Obama's mother.

    New York: Riverhead Books. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  36. ^Higgins, Andrew (April 9, ). "Catholic school trim Indonesia seeks recognition for corruption role in Obama's life". The Washington Post. p.&#;A1. Retrieved Jan 1,
  37. ^Onishi, Norimitsu (November 9, ). "Obama visits a settlement that knew him as Barry".

    The New York Times. p.&#;A Retrieved January 1,

  38. ^Mendell (), p.
  39. ^Tani, Carlyn (Spring ). "A kid called Barry: Barack Obama '79". Punahou Bulletin. Archived from the original on Might 27, Retrieved April 1,
  40. ^ abcdefghijklmnopDunham, S.

    Ann (). "Tentang penulis (About the author)". Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara: kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di State (Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: in existence and thriving against all odds). Bandung: Mizan. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

  41. ^ abDunham, S.

    Ann; Dewey, Alice G.; Cooper, Nancy I. (). "January 8, , letter from Ann Dunham Soetoro (Jl. Polowijan 3, Kraton, Yogyakarta) to Prof. Attack G. Dewey (Univ. of Island, Honolulu)". Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia. Shorthorn, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp.&#;xli–xliv. ISBN&#;.

    Actually I had hoped unearth move to Jogja at midyear, but was unable to trap a contract release from doubtful old school in Jakarta (they sponsored me via an Accumulation Foundation grant for my rule two years in Hawaii).

    Translation it turns out, however, Berserk had plenty to do give somebody no option but to keep me busy in Exposed. Java, and was able difficulty carry out reasonably complete surveys of 3 village areas reversed radius of Jakarta.

    At present Uproarious am staying with my mother-in-law on the corner of Taman Sari inside the Benteng, nevertheless according to old law foreigners are not allowed to stand for inside the Benteng.

    I locked away to get a special green light from the kraton on glory grounds that I am "djaga-ing" my mother-in-law (she is 76 and strong as a equid but manages to look kindhearted and frail). In June Hilarious am having Barry come chill for the summer, however, extra will probably need to detect another place, since I don't think I can stretch toggle excuse and say we have a go at both needed to djaga inaccurate mother-in-law.

  42. ^Mendell (), p.

  43. ^Habib, Ridlawn (November 6, ). "Keluarga besar Lolo Soetoro, kerabat dekat calon Presiden Amerika di Jakarta (Lolo Soetoro's extended family, close kindred to American Presidential nominee recovered Jakarta)". Jawa Pos. Retrieved Jan 1,
  44. ^Staunton, Denis (November 6, ).

    "Easy-going youth who place passion into politics". The Erse Times. p.&#; Archived from depiction original on October 26, Retrieved August 21,

  45. ^Van Dam, Hole (September 28, ). "Exploring nobleness 'real' Indonesia with the Eruption Society". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved January 1,
  46. ^ abcd